This is a good example because the road is vertical and continues to get smaller showing that it goes on for a long time. 

In this image he is closer to the camera making the tower look smaller.  The scale confusion makes it look as if his foot is actually on the side of it. 

This is when to or more objects are alternated in different ways. 

A repeated shape changing in color, size, or texture.

Images with this do not have  focal point in them.  If it's a pattern with a theme it doesn't need a focal point.